Identifying Emerging Issues in Mobile Learning Essay

The workshop arrangement was supported by the UK’s Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) as a major aspect of the Emerge Community inside JISC’s own Users and Innovation research program. This investigation concentrated on distinguishing developing issues for the area emerging from the inexorably likely enormous scope utilization of Smartphones, PDAs and camera telephones by students in HE and FE, both nearby and in the working environment. This was helped out through situation age utilizing three distinct fates expectation instruments in three workshops. The accompanying issues were recognized just like the well on the way to show up later on for portable taking in a long time from now: the expanding utilization of ‘just in time’ and ‘as and when necessary’ preparing. the requirement for consistently on moderate availability and force. expanded help for a way to deal with educating and discovering that is more community than instructive. worries over versatility; learning networks are isolated about whether there is a job for cell phones in formal instructing, particularly in huge gatherings and talks. oncerns over the converging of individual and professional data and practice. The solid match between affordances of cell phones and learning openings in work based and experiential learning no matter how you look at it. expanded distributed systems administration and joint effort. the requirement for structure determinations for a safe online generally useful information storehouse available by various programs as per gadget within reach. Other rising issues for portable learning in HE and FE incorporate both moral and functional ramifications. These incorporate social boundaries and protection from change among speakers and related instructing experts. Models are: fears for the disintegration of lecturers’ individual time; worries over security identified with the expanding measure of data and number of pictures to be put away and protection issues identified with the straightforwardness with data can be caught in a scope of areas. There is likewise the chance to rethink appraisal works on, recording the way toward building up a task as opposed to just denoting the item. One final issue, one that needs pressing consideration, is the requirement for the improvement by understudies and staff of concurred work on, building up how cell phones are to be utilized dependably in establishments before discourteous use or numbness of their capability to upgrade learning brings about restricting an important learning device. Affirmations The creators wish to appreciatively recognize the commitments made by individuals from the Adding a Mobile Dimension to Teaching and Learning system who had a significant impact both in the situation advancement exercises at the workshops on which this paper is based and to the survey of the situations produced. We are additionally thankful for the money related help from JISC by means of the Emerge people group for this venture. 1 Introduction This report subtleties the situations created in a progression of conversation workshops investigating dreams of how versatile advancements and gadgets will impact the act of clients in Higher Education (HE) and Further Education (FE) later on five years subsequently. The workshop arrangement was financed by the UK’s Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) as a major aspect of the Emerge Community inside JISC’s own Users and Innovation research program. This present investigation centers around recognizing developing issues for the area emerging with the inexorably likely enormous scope utilization of Smartphones and cell phones with the ability to record both video and sound by students both nearby and in the working environment in HE and FE. These gadgets have gotten settled all through the understudy network, a study of 177 understudies at the University of Southampton found that 94% were normal clients and proprietors of cell phones (Davidson and Lutman 2007). This dovetails with information from Ofcom (2008) which shows that cell phone proprietorship in the 15-24 age gathering of the UK populace is balancing out at around 95% and understudies to come will be much increasingly experienced in their utilization. For instance, more established understudies in schools that apparently boycott cell phones are presently consistently being permitted to utilize the cameras on their ‘phones to record extraordinary occasions or examinations in exercises to enable them to modify. What is versatile realizing? The field of portable learning has been growing quick as an examination point in the course of recent years and in like manner thoughts of what precisely versatile realizing is have additionally evolved. Winters (2006) noticed how different gatherings investigating versatile learning have utilized definitions that fall into four classifications: one †portable learning as technocentric, where learning is viewed as something that utilizes cell phones, individual computerized partners (PDAs) and cell phones; two †characterized by its relationship to e-realizing, where versatile learning is viewed as an augmentation of elearning; three †as expanding formal instruction and four †as student focused, empowering the chance of deep rooted learning. These doesn't address the one of a kind selling purpose of portable realizing which is firmly connected to the ability of the versatile student moving between generally separate settings, for example, the work place and the instructing base upheld by handheld innovation that they can work with intuitively to catch, access and store amounts of data in various interactive media groups. Accordingly versatile learning can be best depicted as â€Å"the forms (both individual and open) of coming to know through investigation and discussion over numerous settings among individuals and intuitive technologies† (Sharples, Arnedillo Sanchez, Milrad and Vavoula 2007). Portable learning in post-mandatory training in the UK An introduction from Traxler and Sugden (2007) places the present condition of versatile learning in the UK as comprising of extensive quantities of little scope preliminaries and pilots occurring over fixed timeframes. Affirmation that the act of utilizing versatile innovation to help learning in post-necessary training isn't yet inserted in flow practice inside establishments was exhibited during the quest for past exploration for this paper, where no continuous huge scope utilizes were found. From right now accessible sources there is next to zero sign with respect to the degree to which cell phones are being utilized in Higher and Further Education. Discoveries from interviews led by Bird and Stubbs (2008) with versatile learning trailblazers in ten Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) were shockingly reliable with most respondents revealing that they encountered or hope to encounter a similar sort of issues. These were for the most part as obstructions to setting up and supporting a m-learning advancement in a college 2 condition. Issues which commanded were: abilities holes (in IT support and particularly scholastic staff and fairly out of the blue understudies who regardless of being substantial clients ), absence of specialized help (IT administrations arrangement), acquisition and bookkeeping strategies based around PC utilization, incorporation issues because of cost of gadgets as well as information, moral and lawful issues, quality affirmation particularly as for information possession, manageability (all tasks depended on outer subsidizing), gadget restrictions, measures stir, protection and security, and absence of a ‘killer application’ for the specific situation. Meetings with clients trialing PDAs at the Open University (Pettit and Kukulska-Hulme, 2008) showed that the remote framework was generally viewed as a basic factor in impacting appropriation of the gadget. Most papers looked into for the present examination alluded to hypothetical theory about future potential, others talked about tasks outside of the UK in Europe or East Asia, in any case, in the staying 20%, a noteworthy scope of pilots with various handheld gadgets was portrayed. These demonstrate that there is significant potential for drawing in and supporting students by means of versatile advancements. These pilots point to more noteworthy utilization of setting significant data particularly pictures and video in learning and to more prominent coordinated effort empowered by effectively compact, handheld gadgets associated with the web by means of wi-fi or broadband. The accompanying models show the scope of exercises tried and are incorporated by segment. Advanced education Lecturers have assessed a scope of gadgets from multi-work PDAs and Smartphones to straightforward texti informing (SMS). In one of the primary instances of the utilization of PDA’s in an undergrad setting Ramsden (2005) effectively tried giving undergrad Economics understudies at the University of Bristol access to VLE’s and course materials through web empowered PDAs. Just as empowering access to course assets whenever, anyplace, having the PDA permitted the understudies to hold question and answer meetings by means of the online conversation board during addresses which they discovered this especially accommodating. The University of Birmingham has assessed the utilization of PocketPC handheld PCs to offer different portable applications to college understudies as a ‘mobile learning organiser’. The primary uses were for issues of time and course the executives and access to course materials. Different capacities incorporated the capacity to convey through email and texting and to sort out notes. The taking an interest understudies utilized the schedule and plan offices just as specialized devices and were sharp for increasingly substance to be conveyed thusly. (Corlett et al, 2005) At London Metropolitan University the Reusable Learning Objects (RLO) Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (CETL) deals with the structure, advancement and utilization of learning objects a large number of which run on cell phones. Smith et al (2007) examine the inspiration they have found in understudies (sports science for this situation) to learn through subject explicit learning objects (programs, for example, Flash movements of muscle g

Abbey Road and Beatles Free Essays

The Beatles â€Å"There’s nothing you can make that can’t be made, No one you can spare that can’t be spared, no other option for you however you can figure out how to be you in time †it’s easy†, this statement is taken from the melody all you need is love by The Beatles. The Beatle’s began as four ordinary individuals and afterward in the 1960 they all come as the gathering called the Beatles. The individuals from The Beatles were Paul Mccartney, John Lennon, Ringo Starr, and George Harrison. We will compose a custom exposition test on Nunnery Road and Beatles or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now The Beatles are one of the most compelling musical gangs ever. Today we are going to investigate the early long stretches of the Beatles, the raising distinction of the Beatles profession and the finish of the Beatles. How did the Beatles become a gathering? This is insights concerning the early long stretches of the Beatles. How could they become incredible? The Beatles were four ordinary individuals who meet each other for a long time. It required some investment to change their name to the Beatles. The old names were Jonny and the Moondogs, and long john and the creepy crawlies. The Beatles, they really fitted and took over as the most recognized hero acknowledged as the Beatles. The Beatles began in 1960 (Ktrek, 2005. ) This was where the Beatles included generally their move and popular music dating from 1963 through 1965 The Beatle’s raising distinction. Next came the center years where the Beatles explored different avenues regarding sound and music and furthermore created awesome music more than ever, exciting music past simply move music (Ktrek, 2005. ) The Beatles sound developed logically with every collection coming their direction; coming full circle with many accepts to be the artful culmination of exciting music. They made numerous collections now like Rubber Soul in 1965, Revolver in 1966, and a lot more collections. The Beatles had their unimaginable end; leaving us with a message Let It Be, a tune by the Beatles in 1970. They were on that last long and effective street. The Beatles were coming up short on thoughts. Their tune Abby Road is the best melody of this period, yet tunes have their dull second. The melodies they did at this period were The White Album, Yellow submarine in 1969, and Hey Jude in 1970. â€Å"Hey Jude don’t make it awful, take a miserable melody it make it better†, this is quote from the tune Hey Jude by the Beatles. The Beatles will never be equivalent to they were previously however they have raising minutes and have impact numerous individuals on the planet. To their melody Yesterday, to their tune Rubber Soul, to their kept going tune Let it be. What was your main tune by the Beatles? What was your preferred time of music by the Beatles? They changed the sound of awesome music leaving it with various sounds, and beats. â€Å"And in the adoration you take is equivalent to the affection you make† that was a statement from the Beatles when they finished. (Ktrek, 2005) The most effective method to refer to Abbey Road and Beatles, Papers

Admissions iPhone App - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Admissions iPhone App - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Admissions iPhone App The University of Georgia Office of Undergraduate Admissions is proud to announce the release of version 1.0 of our iPhone App. This application can be downloaded for free from iTunes, and will run on any iPhone or iPod Touch. The App was developed by the UGA Admissions offices own technology team (way to go Bryan!), and allows users to access the Status Check, the UGA Transfer Equivalency database, Admissions News, UGA News, Campus Maps, UGA Sports News, and UGA People Search. To download the University Admissions iPhone App, just search for UGA Admissions in the iTunes App Store, or in the App Store utility on your Apple mobile device. We also hope to add a GPS based campus tour sometime within the next year.

Benefits Of Genetically Engineered Crops - 1626 Words

People opposed to genetically engineered crops believe genetically engineering a crop to have a higher nutritional value will cause problems with a person’s diet. They believe people will then disregard other foods besides the new genetically engineered food, and this will cause other health issues. This does not seem likely because genetically engineered crops with enhanced nutritional value are aimed to help people reach a certain daily value of a vitamin or mineral, not to replace a person’s whole diet. A person will still have to eat other foods with the new genetically engineered food, however, he or she will not have to eat as much to obtain the correct daily values of their vitamins and minerals. Countries such as Africa, who have a problem with people dying of starvation each year, could really use these kinds of crops. Crops that are genetically engineered to withstand drastic weather conditions and are higher in nutritional value could help Africa have a highe r yield of crops to feed the starving children with. The increased nutritional value in these crops would also help the starving children get more of the vitamins and minerals they need to survive. Some people worry genetic engineering can harm the environment, however, genetically engineered crops can help protect the environment. The environment is important for the survival of humans, and protecting it has been a focus for many scientists. Genetically engineered crops can protect the environment by makingShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Genetically Engineered Crops Far Outweigh The Benefits982 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dangers of Genetically Engineered Crops far outweigh the Benefits You might know what GMOs are or at least you have heard about it, but for them, who do not know what GMOs are, Genetically Modified Organisms also known as (GMO), are those whose DNA is modified by implantation of a variety of bacteria or other organisms. Those changes are made not only to prevent pests attacking crops but also to make them grow fast among other alterations. It is well known that GMOs has been a polemical issueRead MoreEssay about Genetically Engineered Food Crops: Benefits Outweigh Risks1632 Words   |  7 PagesGenetically Engineered Food Crops: Benefits Outweigh Risks Genetically engineered (GE) food crops have caused heated debate in the food industry for many decades and have caused many consumers major concern. According to Dr. Carroll Rawn, a biology professor at Seton Hall University, genetically engineering food entails taking genes from a certain crop and inserting those genes in the DNA of another. This process changes the nucleotide sequence of the crop and, therefore, its characteristicsRead MoreThe Possiblities of Genetically Engineered Food1597 Words   |  7 PagesGenetically engineering food could be a viable possibility to ending the problem world hunger. There are many advantages to this solution but there are also disadvantages. This paper will aim to show both the advantages and disadvantages. I also hope to show the environmental impact that it could have. What is genetically engineered food? Genetically engineered foods are created when genes from plant and non-plant species are modified and transferred to create a food species that has certainRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Science And The Economy1495 Words   |  6 Pages Imagine eating at a dining establishment and being asked if the ordered main course would preferably be prepared baked, fried, or genetically engineered. Though odd, this question is coming sooner than later. Even though genetic engineering has been around for a long time, due to its increased advances, no longer is it an ignored issue. In fact, it is causing quite a controversy. Some feel, genetic engineering is a scientist s way of playing God, creating elements and bodies that were notRead MoreArguments Of Proponents And Opponents Of The Safe And Accurate Food Labeling Act1744 Words   |  7 Pagesweakness of each side’s argument. One argument that proponents make about genetically modified food is that they are no different than natural foods. An argument that opponents make is that genetically modified organisms have not been tested enough because they are fairly new and some scientist truly don’t have an understanding of how it will affect humans bodies differently than natural foods. Proponents argue that genetically engineered foods have no needs for labeling; it would lead to consumer confusionRead MoreShould We Increase Agricultural Yield Without?1362 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically modified organisms have been subjected to outrageous opposition by activists and political officials because of false moral and religious beliefs. While manufacturers of genetically engineered crops face costly and time consuming regulations, leading to an interruption in production and reduction in innovation. This campaign waged against GMOs is fueled by false information and ludicrous â€Å"what if† questions that are aimed at a misinformed and easily manipulated public. GeneticallyRead MoreGenetic Engineering Of Food Is Good For The Welfare Of Humanity1135 Words   |  5 Pagesand animals that produce food (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2015b). Genetic engineering per se is often conducted in the laboratory through a number of technologies whose primary role is to incorporate the desired qualities into the genetically engineered food crops and animals. Even though genetic engineering of food raises ethical issues and generates fears of unknown health risks, many of these fears are speculative; therefore, genetic engineering of food is good for the welfare of humanity becauseRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms, Also Known As Gmo’S, Are1491 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically modified organisms, also known as GMO’s, are important to today’s society because they bring more food to more people at a cheaper price. If a crop is a GMO, it means that its DNA sequence has been altered in a lab. When seeds are genetically altered i n this way, it is to inject a certain characteristic that is not present in the traditional plant into the DNA. Usually, this characteristic is to make the crop more susceptible to fertilizer and pesticides, or to sustain harsh weather conditionsRead MorePros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many benefits of genetic engineering, but there are many risks too. Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of genetic material in order to alter the hereditary traits of a cell, organism, or population. Basically, scientists take DNA of one product and put it into another product to get a mixture of traits from both products. It’s like breeding different breeds of dogs to get a certain look or personality. Some people don’t mind what goes into genetically altered foods, while othersRead MoreThe Genetically Engineered Foods : Genetically Modified Foods1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe Genetically Engineered Foods Introduction Genetic modification is a special gene technology that alters the genetic machinery of living organisms such as animals, plants, bacteria or other microorganisms. Foreign genes (genes from other organisms) combined and inserted into the original genetic codes are known as recombinant DNA technology and the resulting food is called genetically engineered food, genetically modified (GM) food or transgenic food. Human beings have bred plants and animals

Interesting Facts About European Green Crab

Green crabs (Carcinus maenas) are relatively small, with a carapace  of about four inches across. Their coloration varies from green to brown to reddish-orange. While commonly found in tide pools along the East Coast of the United States from Delaware to Nova Scotia, this now-abundant species is not native to America. Fast Facts: Green Crab Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaSubphylum: CrustaceanClass: MalacostracaOrder: DecapodaFamily: PortunidaeGenus: CarcinusSpecies: maenas Feeding The green crab is a voracious predator, feeding primarily on other crustaceans and bivalves such as softshell clams, oysters, and scallops. The green crab moves quickly and is quite dexterous. Its also capable of adapting. Its prey-catching skills actually improve while foraging as it learns where the prime hunting areas are and how to best catch available prey. Reproduction and Life Cycle Green crabs are estimated to live up to five years. Females of the species can produce up to 185,000 eggs at a time. Females molt once a year and are very vulnerable until a new shell hardens. During this time, males guard females by pairing with them in pre-molt cradling to defend them from predators and other males. Green crabs generally mate toward the end of summer. A few months after mating, the egg sac appears, which the females carry through winter and spring. In May or June, hatchlings are released in the form of free-swimming plankton larvae that move with the tides of the water column for 17 to 80 days before settling to the bottom. Green crab larvae spend most of their first summer progressing through a series of stages until they reach  megalopa—mini versions of adult crabs that still have a tail used for swimming. In a final molt, the larvae lose their tails and emerge as juvenile crabs with a carapace measuring about two millimeters across. Why Are Green Crabs So Wide-Ranging? Green crab populations have expanded rapidly since spreading out from their native range, which lies along the Atlantic coast of Europe and northern Africa. Once they are introduced, they compete with native shellfish and other animals for prey and habitat. In the 1800s, the species was transported to Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Its thought they arrived in the ballast water of ships, or in seaweed that was used to pack seafood, although some have been transported for the purposes of aquaculture, while others may have made the trip on water currents. Today, green crabs are plentiful along the eastern coast of the United States from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Delaware. In 1989, green crabs were also discovered in San Francisco Bay, and now populate waters of the West Coast as far north as British Columbia. Green crabs have also been recorded in Australia, Sri Lanka, South Africa, and Hawaii. Impact of Global Warming on Green Crab Populations Until recently, the proliferation of green crabs in American coastal waters has been offset by cold winters, but with the onset of warmer summers, their numbers are on the rise. Warmer climates have also been linked to an upswing in the green crabs growth cycle.   Between 1979 and 1980, Michael Berrill, a professor (now emeritus) at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario Canada—whose research involved the behavioral ecology, conservation, and the impact  of environmental stresses on species survival—observed the growth rate and mating cycles of green crabs in the coastal waters off Maine. A comparison between findings from that study and more recent ones shows that green crabs are growing larger much sooner thanks to the prolonged growing season that results from having more months of warm water temperatures. Since female green crabs become sexually mature not when they reach a certain age, but rather, a certain size, the increasing growth rate is also affecting the mating cycle. According to the 1980s research, females generally reproduced in their third year. Its believed that with warmer waters and faster growth cycles, some crabs now are reproducing as early as their second year. As a result, the burgeoning population of green crabs is likely putting certain prey species at risk. According to a statement from Maine Community Science Investigations (CSI-Maine), this may prove devastating to some species on which green crabs prey—especially softshell clams. Research presented by Dr. Brian Beal and colleagues of the Downeast Institute indicates that at least along the coast of Maine, green crabs are responsible for a substantial decline in softshell clam populations. Sources MIT Sea Grant. 2009. Introduced Species. MIT Sea Grant Center for Coastal Resources. National Heritage Trust. 2009. European Shore Crab (Carcinus maenas). National Introduced Marine Pest Information System, CRIMP No. 6275. Perry, Harriet. 2009. Carcinus maenas. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FloridaPrince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council. 2004. Green Crab (Carcinus maenas). Non-Indigenous Aquatic Species of Concern for Alaska. The Green Crab  Lifecycle. CSI-Maine.Beal, B. F. (2006). Relative importance of predation and intraspecific competition in regulating growth and survival of juveniles of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria L., at several spatial scales.  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,  336(1), 1–17.Berrill, Michael. (1982). The Life Cycle of the Green Crab Carcinus maenas at the Northern End of Its Range.  Journal of Crustacean Biology,  2(1), 31–39.

The Last Dance Chapter Two Free Essays

It was raining relentlessly on the morning of October thirtieth, a Saturday, the day after the body of Andrew Henry Hale was found dead in his bed in an apartment on Currey and Twelfth. Carella and Meyer came running out of the precinct and into the parking lot behind it, drenched to the bone before they’d taken half a dozen steps. Rain banged on the roof of the car. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Dance Chapter Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rain drilled Carella’s head as he fumbled the key into the lock on the driver’s side, rain smashed his eyes, rain soaked the shoulders of his coat and plastered his hair onto his forehead. Meyer stood patiently hunched and hulking on the passenger side of the car, eyes squinched, drowning in the merciless rain. â€Å"Just take all the time in the world,† he suggested. Carella finally got the key into the lock, twisted it open, hurried inside, and reached across the seat to unlock the other door for Meyer. â€Å"Whoosh!† Meyer said, and pulled the door shut behind him. Both men sat breathless for a moment, enclosed now in a rattling cocoon, the windshield and windows melting with rain. Behind them, the precinct lights glowed yellow, offering comfort and warmth, odd solace for a place they rarely associated with either. Meyer shifted his weight, reached into his back pants pockets for a handkerchief, and dried his face and the top of his bald head. Carella took several Dunkin’ Donuts paper napkins from the side pocket on the door and tried to blot water from his soaked hair. â€Å"Boy,† he said, and grabbed more napkins from the door. Together, the two men in their bulky overcoats crowded the front seat of the â€Å"company car,† as they mockingly called it. They were partnered as often as not, the twin peculiarities of exigency and coincidence frequently determining more effectively than any duty chart exactly who might be in the squadroom when the phone rang. They had caught the Hale squeal together yesterday morning. The case was now theirs until either they made an arrest or retired it in the so-called Open File. Carella started the car.I Meyer turned on the radio. The insistent chatter of police calls scratched at the beating rain. It took a while for the ancient heater to throw any real warmth into the car, adding its clanking clatter to the steady drumming of the rain, the drone of the dispatcher’s voice, the hissing swish of tires on black asphalt. Cops on the job listened with one ear all the time, waiting to hear the dispatcher specifically calling their car, particularly waiting for the urgent signal that would tell them an officer was down, in which case every car in the vicinity would respond. Meanwhile, as the rain fell and the heater hurled uncertain hot air onto their faces and their feet, they talked idly about Carella’s birthday party earlier this month – a subject he’d rather have forgotten since he’d just turned forty – and the trouble Meyer was having with his brother-in-law, who never had liked Meyer and who kept trying to sell him additional life insurance because he was in such a da ngerous occupation. â€Å"You think our occupation is dangerous?† he asked. â€Å"Dangerous, no,† Carella said. â€Å"Hazardous.† â€Å"Enough to warrant what he calls combat insurance?† â€Å"No, I don’t think so.† â€Å"I rented a video last week,† Meyer said, â€Å"Robin Williams is dead in it, he goes to heaven. One of the worst movies I ever saw in my entire life.† â€Å"I never go to movies where somebody dies and goes to heaven,† Carella said. â€Å"What you should never do is go to a movie with the word ‘Dream’ in the title,† Meyer said. â€Å"Sarah likes these pictures where movie stars die and go walking around so mere mortals can’t see them. So you never heard of it, huh?† Meyer said. â€Å"Never,† Carella said, and smiled. He was thinking if you worked with a man long enough, you began reading his mind. â€Å"Your kids aren’t teenagers yet,† Meyer said. â€Å"Rophies? Roofies? Rope? R2? Those are all names the kids use for it.† â€Å"New one on me,† Carella said. â€Å"It used to come in one- and two-milligram tablets,† Meyer said. â€Å"Hoffman-La Roche – that’s the company that manufactures it – recently pulled the two-mill off the retail market in Germany. But it’s still available here. That’s another name for it, by the way. La Roche. Or even just Roach. How much did Blaney say the old man had dropped?† â€Å"At least two mills.† â€Å"Would’ve knocked him out in half an hour. It’s supposed to be ten times stronger than Valium, no taste, no odor. You really never heard of it?† â€Å"Never,† Carella said. â€Å"It’s also called the Date-Rape drag,† Meyer said. â€Å"When it first got popular in Texas, kids were using it to boost a heroin high or cushion a cocaine crash. Then some cowboy discovered if he dropped a two-mill tab in a girl’s beer, it had the same effect as if she drank a six-pack. In ten, twenty minutes, she’s feeling no pain. She loses all inhibitions, blacks out, and wakes up the next morning with no memory of what happened.† â€Å"Sounds like science-fiction,† Carella said. â€Å"Small white tablet,† Meyer said, â€Å"you can either dissolve it in a drink or snort it. Ruffles is another name. The Forget Pill, too. Or Roofenol. Or Rib. Costs three, four bucks a tab.† â€Å"Thanks for the input,† Carella said. The men were on their way to Andrew Male’s bank. They were now in possession of a court order authorizing them to open his safe deposit box. Inside that box, by Cynthia Keating’s own admission, there was an insurance policy on her father’s life. Her husband had also told them that his law firm was in possession of her father’s will, which left to husband and wife all of the old man’s earthly possessions – which did not amount to a hell of a lot. A passbook they’d found in the apartment showed a bank balance of $2,476.12. The old man had also owned a collection of 78 rpm’s dating back to the thirties and forties, none of them rare, all of them swing hits of the day – Benny Goodman, Harry James, Glenn Miller – played and replayed over and over again until the shellac was scratched and the grooves worn. There were a few books in the apartment as well, most of them dog-eared paperbacks. There was an eight-piece setting of inexpensive silver plate. True enough, in a city where a five-dollar bill in a tattered billfold was often cause enough for murder, these belongings alone might have provided motive. But not for two people as well off as the Keatings. Besides, this had not been a case of someone choosing a random victim on the street and then popping him, something that happened all the time. Someone had gone to a great deal of trouble here, first drugging the old man and next hanging him. The prize had to be worth the trouble. Carella pulled the car into a No Parking zone in front of the bank. He flipped down his visor to show the pink police paper that normally warned off any cop on the beat, and then stepped out of the car and dashed through the rain toward the front of the bank, Meyer pounding along behind him. Their court order opened the dead man’s safe deposit box, and sure enough, they found an insurance policy for $25,000, with Andrew Male’s daughter and son-in-law listed as sole beneficiaries. The policy did, in fact, contain a suicide exclusion clause: Section 1.5 SUICIDE If the insured dies by suicide within one year from the Date of Issue, the amount payable by the Company will be limited to the premiums paid. But the policy had been issued almost ten years ago. Thursday night was the night in question. According to what Cynthia Keating had told them, she’d spoken to her father at nine that night, and had found him hanging dead at nine-thirty or so the next morning. A check with the telephone company confirmed that she had indeed called his number at 9:07 the night before, and had spent two minutes on the phone with him. This did not preclude her later taking the subway across the river and into the trees, going up to his apartment, dropping a few pills in his wine or his beer or his bottled water, and then hanging him over a hook. But – Cynthia maintained that after having telephoned her father, she had gone to meet her girlfriend Josie at the movie theater a block from her apartment and together they had seen a movie that started around 9:15 and ended around 11:45, after which she and her friend Josie had gone for tea and scones at a little snack bar called Westmore’s. She had returned home at around twelve-thirty, and had not left the apartment again until the next morning at around twenty to nine, at which time she had taken the subway across the river, and walked to her father’s apartment, only to find Dad, poor Dad, hanging in the closet, and I’m feeling so bad. The movie she’d seen was part of a Kurosawa retrospective. It was titled High and Low, and it was based on a novel by an American who wrote cheap mysteries. A call to the theater confirmed the title of the film and the start and finish times. A call to her girlfriend Josie Gallitano confirmed that she had accompanied Cynthia to the movie and had later enjoyed a cup of tea and a chocolate-covered scone with her. Cynthia’s husband, as was to be expected, confirmed that he had found her asleep in bed when he got home from a poker game at around one o’clock. She had not left the apartment again that night. There had been six other men in that poker game. Keating claimed that the game had started at eight o’clock and ended at around a quarter past midnight. The six other men confirmed that he had been there during the times he’d stated. His wife, as was to be expected, confirmed that he’d come home at around one a.m., and had not left the apartment again that night. It appeared to the detectives that their two prime suspects had airtight alibis and that whoever had dropped Rohypnol into Andrew Male’s drink and draped him over a closet hook was still out there boogying someplace. At Hale’s funeral on Sunday morning, they listened to a minister who had never met the man telling his sole remaining relatives what a fine and upstanding human being he’d been. Cynthia Keating and her husband Robert listened dry-eyed. It was still raining when the first shovelful of earth was dumped onto Male’s simple wooden casket. It was as if he had never existed. From home that Sunday night, Carella called Danny Gimp. â€Å"Danny?† he said. â€Å"It’s Steve.† â€Å"Hey, Steve,† Danny said. â€Å"Whatta ya hear?† This was a joke. Danny Gimp was an informer. He – and not Carella – was the one who heard things and passed them on. For money. The men didn’t exchange any niceties. Carella got right down to business. â€Å"Old guy named Andrew Hale . . .† â€Å"How old?† Danny asked. â€Å"Sixty-eight.† â€Å"Ancient,† Danny said. â€Å"Got himself aced Thursday night.† â€Å"Where?† â€Å"Apartment off Currey Yard.† â€Å"What time?† â€Å"ME puts it around midnight. But you know how accurate PMFs are.† â€Å"How’d he catch it?† â€Å"Hanged. But first he was doped with a drug called Rohypnol. Ever hear of it?† â€Å"Sure.† â€Å"You have?† â€Å"Sure,† Danny said. â€Å"Anyway,† Carella said, â€Å"the only two people who had any reason to want him dead have alibis a mile long. We’re wondering if maybe they knew somebody handy with a noose.† â€Å"Uh-huh.† â€Å"He’s a lawyer . . .† â€Å"The dead man?† â€Å"No. One of the suspects.† â€Å"A criminal lawyer?† â€Å"No. But he knows criminal lawyers.† â€Å"That doesn’t mean he knows hit men.† â€Å"It means there could’ve been access.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"Ask around, Danny. There’s twenty-five grand in insurance money involved here.† â€Å"That ain’t a lot.† â€Å"I know. But maybe it’s enough.† â€Å"Well, let me go on the earie, see what’s what.† â€Å"Get back to me, okay?† â€Å"If I hear anything.† â€Å"Even if you don’t.† â€Å"Okay,† Danny said, and hung up. He did not get back to Carella until the following Sunday night, the seventh of November. By that time, the case was stone cold dead. Danny came limping into the place he himself had chosen for the meet, a pizzeria on Culver and Sixth. The collar of his threadbare coat was pulled high against the wind and the rain. A long, college-boy, striped muffler was wrapped around his neck, and he was wearing woolen gloves. He peered around the place as if he were a spy coming in with nuclear secrets. Carella signaled to him. A scowl crossed Danny’s face. â€Å"You shouldn’t do that,† he said, sliding into the booth. â€Å"Bad enough I’m meeting you in a public place.† Carella was willing to forgive Danny his occasional irritability. He had never forgotten that Danny had come to the hospital when he’d got shot for the first time in his professional life. It had not been an easy thing for Danny to do; police informers do not last long on the job once it is known they are police informers. Danny’s eyes were darting all over the place now, checking the perimeter. He himself had chosen the venue, but he seemed disturbed by it now, perhaps because it was unexpectedly crowded at nine a.m. on a Monday morning. Who the hell expected people eating pizza for breakfast? But he couldn’t go to the station house, and he didn’t want Carella to come to his shitty little room over on the South Side because to tell the truth, it embarrassed him. Danny had known better times. He was thinner than Carella had ever seen him, his eyes rheumy, his nose runny. He kept taking paper napkins from the holder on the table, blowing his nose, crumpling the napkins and stuffing them into the pockets of his coat, which he had not yet removed. He did not look healthy. But more than that, he looked unkempt, odd for a man who’d always prided himself on what he considered sartorial elegance. Danny needed a shave. Soiled shirt cuffs showed at the edges of his ragged coat sleeves. His face was dotted with blackheads, his fingernails edged with grime. Sensing Carella’s scrutiny, he said in seeming explanation, â€Å"The leg’s been bothering me.† â€Å"I’m sorry to hear that.† â€Å"Yeah, it still bothers me. From when I got shot that time.† â€Å"Uh-huh.† Actually, Danny had never been shot in his life. He limped because he’d had polio as a child. But pretending he’d been wounded in a big gang shoot-out gave him a certain street cred he considered essential to the gathering of incidental information. Carella was willing to forgive him the lie. â€Å"You want some pizza?† he asked. â€Å"Coffee might be better,† Danny said, and started to rise. BMiimCi â€Å"Sit,† Carella said, â€Å"I’ll get it. You want anything with it?† â€Å"The pastry looks good,† Danny said. â€Å"Bring me one of them chocolate things, okay?† Carella went up to the counter and came back some five minutes later with two chocolate eclairs and two cups of coffee. Danny was blowing on his hands, trying to warm them. A constant flow of traffic through the entrance doors and past the counter kept bringing in the cold from outside. He picked up his coffee cup, warmed his hands on that for a while. Carella bit into his chocolate eclair. Danny bit into his. â€Å"Oh, Jesus,† he said, â€Å"that is delicious,† and took another bite. â€Å"Oh, Jesus,† he said again. â€Å"So what’ve you got?† Carella asked. $25,000 was a big-enough prize in a city where you could buy anyone’s dead ass for a subway token. If Robert Keating and his wife Cynthia had been otherwise engaged while her father was being hoisted and hanged, the possibility existed that they’d hired someone to do the job for them. In this city, you could get anything done to anybody for a price. You want somebody’s eyeglasses smashed? You want his fingernails pulled out? His legs broken? You want him more seriously injured? You want him hurt so he’s an invalid the rest of his life? You want him skinned, you want him burned, you want him – don’t even mention it in a whisper – killed! It can be done. Let me talk to someone. It can be done. â€Å"I’ve got quite a lot, actually,† Danny said, seemingly more involved in his eclair than in doing business. â€Å"Oh really?† Carella said. On the phone last night, Danny had said only that he’d come up with something interesting. This morning, it seemed to be more than that. But perhaps this was just the prelude to negotiation. Actually, Danny knew that what he had was very good stuff. So good, in fact, that it might be worth more money than Carella was used to paying. He hated negotiating with someone he considered an old friend, though he was never quite sure Carella shared the sentiment. At the same time, he didn’t want to pass on information that could conceivably lead to a bust in a murder case, and then have Carella toss fifty bucks or so across the table. This was too good for that kind of chump change. â€Å"I know who did it,† he said, flat out. Carella looked surprised. â€Å"Yeah, I got lucky,† Danny said, and grinned. His teeth looked bad, too. He was clearly not taking good care of himself. â€Å"So let me hear it,† Carella said. â€Å"I think this is worth at least what the killer got,† Danny said, lowering his voice. â€Å"And how much is that?† â€Å"Five grand,† Danny said. â€Å"You’re joking, right?† â€Å"You think so?† Danny said. Carella did not think so. â€Å"I’d have to clear that kind of money with the lieutenant,† he said. â€Å"Sure, clear it. But I don’t think this guy’s gonna hang around very long.† â€Å"What can I tell him?† â€Å"Who?† â€Å"My lieutenant.† Five thousand was a lot of money to hand over to an informer. The squadroom slush fund sometimes rose higher than that, depending on what contributions went into it in any given month. Nobody asked questions about a few bucks that disappeared during drug busts hither and yon, provided the money went into what was euphemistically called â€Å"The War Chest†. But a big drug intercept on the docks downtown had slowed traffic in the precinct these past two months, and Carella wondered now if there was that much contingency cash lying around. He further wondered if the lieutenant would turn over that kind of money to a stoolie. Danny’s information would have to be pure gold to justify such an outlay. â€Å"Tell him I know who did it and I know where he is,† he said. â€Å"If that ain’t worth five grand, I’m in the wrong business.† â€Å"How’d you get this?† Carella asked. â€Å"Fellow I know.† â€Å"How’d he get it?† â€Å"Straight from the horse’s mouth.† â€Å"Give me something I can run with.† â€Å"Sure,† Danny said. â€Å"Your man was in a poker game.† â€Å"You talking about Robert Keating?† Carella said, surprised. â€Å"No. Who’s Robert Keating?† â€Å"Then who do you mean?† â€Å"The guy you’re looking for,† Danny said. â€Å"He was in a poker game this past Saturday night.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"Who’s Robert Keating?† Danny asked again. â€Å"Nobody,† Carella said. â€Å"What about this game?† â€Å"Your man was betting big.† â€Å"How big?† â€Å"Thousand-dollar pots. Came in with a five-grand stake, worked it up to twenty before the night was through. Big winner.† â€Å"Is he a gambler?† â€Å"No, he’s a hit man who just likes to gamble.† â€Å"He from this city?† â€Å"Houston, Texas. And heading back there.† â€Å"When?† â€Å"Sometime this Wednesday. You want him, you better move fast. Funny about Houston, ain’t it?† Carella did not think there was anything funny about Houston. â€Å"It must drive foreigners crazy,† Danny said. â€Å"The way words are spelled the same, but pronounced different. In English, I mean.† â€Å"How does this guy spell his name?† Carella asked, fishing. â€Å"Ho ho,† Danny said. â€Å"There’s a street in New York, you know, it’s spelled exactly the same as the city in Texas, but it’s pronounced House-ton Street. Instead, we say Youse-ton, Texas, after Sam Youse-ton, is the way he pronounced his name. Which is peculiar, don’t you think?† â€Å"How does this hit man pronounce his name?† â€Å"Ho, ho, ho,† Danny said, and shook his finger. â€Å"Who hired him?† Carella said. â€Å"Can you tell me that?† â€Å"I don’t know who hired him.† â€Å"Why was the old man killed?† â€Å"Somebody wanted what he had and he wouldn’t turn it over. So they took him out of the picture.† â€Å"They?† â€Å"Whoever.† â€Å"More than one person?† â€Å"I don’t know that for sure.† â€Å"You said ‘they.'† â€Å"Just an expression. All I know is the only way to get what they wanted was to have him dusted.† â€Å"The old man didn’t have a pot to piss in, Danny.† â€Å"I’m telling you what I heard.† â€Å"From who?† â€Å"My friend. Who got it straight from the hitter.† â€Å"He told your friend he killed somebody?† â€Å"Of course not.† â€Å"I didn’t think so.† â€Å"But he told him enough.† â€Å"Like what?† â€Å"Drunk talk. Suppose this, suppose that.† â€Å"Suppose what, Danny?† â€Å"Okay, suppose there’s this old fart got something somebody else wants real bad and he won’t part with it? And suppose this something is worth a lotta money? And suppose . . .† â€Å"This is our man talking?† â€Å"This is him. Suppose somebody’s willing to pay a person five large to get rid of the old man and make it look like an accident? And suppose . . .† â€Å"Did he use that word? Accident?† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"And the price was five grand?† â€Å"The same five he brought into the poker game.† â€Å"When did he tell your friend all this?† â€Å"Saturday night. After the game. They went back to his hotel room, had a few drinks, smoked a few joints.† â€Å"Who supplied them?† â€Å"The drinks?† â€Å"The drinks, the pot.† â€Å"The hitter. It was his party. I gotta tell you something, Steve. When a guy makes a big score, and then he quadruples it in a card game, he wants to talk about it, you dig? He’s proud of it. That’s the way these guys’ minds work. They want to tell you how great they are. My friend lost his shirt in that game Saturday night. Well, winners like to shit all over losers. So your hitter took pity on my friend, asked him to share a bottle and a couple of joints with him so he could tell him how fuckin terrific he is, gettin five grand to dust an old fart.† â€Å"But he didn’t tell him that.† â€Å"The five grand, yes. The actual dusting, no.† â€Å"Then you’ve got nothing to sell.† â€Å"Oh, I’ve got plenty to sell. Remember what you told me on the phone? You asked did I hear anything on this old man got doped with R2 before somebody hung him in the closet. That ain’t the kind of detail a person forgets, Steve. Well, before my friend left the hotel room – I think they had sex, by the way. My friend and the hitter. He’s gay, my friend. Anyway, the hitter handed him a little present. A gift for the loser, you know? A consolation prize. Said it’d help his sex life. Grinning, right? It’ll help your sex life, Harpo, give it a try. That’s my friend’s name, Harpo. So Harpo figured the guy was laying a Viagra cap on him. But instead, it was this.† Danny reached into his coat pocket. He opened his hand. A blister-pack strip of white tablets was on the palm, the word Roche echoing over and again across its face. â€Å"Roach,† Danny said. â€Å"Same as your hangman used.† â€Å"Who gave you that?† â€Å"Harpo.† â€Å"Harpo what?† â€Å"Marx,† Danny said, and grinned like a barracuda. â€Å"Let me get this straight.† â€Å"Sure.† â€Å"Poker game Saturday night . . .† â€Å"Right on Lewiston Avenue.† â€Å"Guy who killed Andrew Hale comes into the game with five grand, leaves it with twenty. Invites your friend Harpo up for a drink, some pot, a little sex, starts boasting about the hit, lays a strip of roach on him before they part company.† â€Å"You’ve got it.† â€Å"And you say the hitter’s leaving town the day after tomorrow?† â€Å"From what I understand.† â€Å"This isn’t any high-pressured bullshit, is it, Danny?† â€Å"Me? High-pressured?† â€Å"I mean, he really is going back to Houston this Wednesday?† â€Å"Is what Harpo told me.† â€Å"And he also told you the guy’s name . . .† â€Å"He did.† â€Å". . . and where he’s staying.† â€Å"That’s right.† â€Å"Out of the goodness of his heart.† â€Å"He’s a friend. Also, I’ll probably pass a little something on to him if your lieutenant comes through.† â€Å"I’ll have to get back to you on this,† Carella said. â€Å"Sure, take your time,† Danny said. â€Å"You got till Wednesday.† â€Å"I’ll let you know,† Carella said, and started to move out of the booth, suddenly remembering how cold it was outside on this eighth day of November. You got to be forty, and suddenly it was cold out there. He was sliding across the leatherette seat, swinging his legs out, starting to rise, Danny doing the same thing on the other side of the table, when the first shot pierced the din of the abnormally crowded room, silencing it in an instant. Even before the second shot sounded, people were diving under tables. It took a moment for Carella to spot the two gunmen advancing swiftly toward the booth, one black, one white, equal opportunity employment. It took another moment for him to realize Danny Gimp was their target. His coat was already unbuttoned, he reached across his waist for a cross-body draw, the nine-millimeter Clock snapping out of its holster with a spring-assisted click. There were more shots. Someone screamed. Danny was scrambling across the floor on his hands and knees, trailing blood. A man running for the entrance doors knocked over one of the serving counters, and pizza toppings spilled all over the floor, tomato sauce running into anchovies and mushrooms and grated cheese and slippery slices of pepperoni. Carella upended a table, and ducked behind it. There was more screaming, two more shots very close by, footsteps pounding. He raised his head in time to see the gunmen running toward the front of the place, leaped to his feet, began chasing after them. There was still too much background for him to risk firing. He followed them out into the street, thought he had a clear shot, but they turned the corner in that instant and were gone. Shit, he thought. The last two shots Carella heard had been fired at close range into Danny’s head. The shot near his cheek was fired with the muzzle of the gun almost touching the skin; there was a cluster of soot on the flesh but hardly any gunpowder around the wound itself. The shot closer to Danny’s chin was fired from a few inches away; gunpowder particles were diffused over a two-inch diameter and the wound was encircled by a small area of soot. Danny was already dead when Carella knelt beside him. A patrolman pounded into the pizzeria with his gun drawn, scaring the patrons even further, yelling â€Å"Stand back, everybody keep back,† like an extra in an action-adventure movie. Tables and chairs had been overturned in the mad rush that virtually cleared the place of customers. But many of the patrons still lingered, either curious to see what a bleeding body looked like close up, or else hoping to wave to the television cameras if and when they got here. There was nothing jackasses liked better than to grin and wave at the camera while tragedy was unfolding in the foreground. â€Å"I’m on the job,† Carella told the patrolman. â€Å"Get an ambulance here.† A second patrolman entered the place now, his gun also drawn, his eyes wide, his face pale. He had never seen a dead body before except for that time in a funeral home when his uncle Pete died of sclerosis of the liver. The first patrolman, similarly inexperienced, was already on his mobile phone, telling Sergeant Murchison at the Eight-Seven that there’d been a shoot-out in the pizzeria on Culver and Sixth, Guide’s, the place was called. â€Å"There’s one person down, better send a meat wagon,† he actually called it, causing Murchison to wince. The television cameras arrived some five minutes before either the ambulance or a second car from adjoining Charlie Sector angled into the curb. A woman wearing a fake fur that looked fake told the roving reporter that all at once these two big guys came in and started shooting at the man lying on the floor over there, at which point the camera operator panned over to where Danny was lying in an ocean of slippery pizza toppings, blood and tomato sauce mingling to create an op-art camera op. The second patrolman told everybody to keep back; he was wondering if he should put up some of those yellow crime scene tapes he had in the trunk of the patrol car. Two teenagers wearing woolen watch caps, ski parkas, and baggy pants tried to position themselves behind the victim so they could grin and wave at the camera, but they were too late. The camera operator had already turned to the entrance door, where a pair of detectives from the Eight-Seven were walking in looking very official and bus y, shields pinned to their overcoats, faces raw from the biting cold outside. Behind them, an ambulance was pulling in, which made for another good shot, the detectives with long strides and flapping overcoats, the flashing red lights on the ambulance, this was the camera operator’s lucky day. Arthur Brown, one of the responding detectives, would later tell everyone in the squadroom that even before Carella informed him, he knew the guy laying on the floor there was dead. The detective with Brown was Bert Kling. The minute he spotted Carella, he went over to him and asked, â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"Two hitters nailed Danny Gimp,† Carella said, and got to his feet, his coat sleeve stained with blood from Danny’s wounds, the knees of his trousers soiled from all the pizza shit on the floor. They all stood around while the stretchers came in. The paramedics realized at once that there wasn’t any urgency about getting Danny aboard. How to cite The Last Dance Chapter Two, Essay examples

The Buyer Behaviour Essay Example

The Buyer Behaviour Paper The purpose of this report is to analyse and evaluate the decision-making process consumers go through when purchasing health supplements and formal clothing. The objective is to compare the differences between the two processes and identify the implications each has on marketing strategy. This has been achieved through both secondary and primary research. The secondary analysis involved research using the textbooks and articles on health supplements and formal clothing and the application of relevant consumer behaviour concepts and theories. This report will also thoroughly discuss, compare and report on the typical decision making processes likely to be followed by a selected target market for the purchase and use of health supplements and formal clothing. This will involve the primary research in which 8 people will be interview with questions regarding to consumer behaviour in the purchase of health supplements and formal clothing. The report is structured in a way to present each aspect of the decision-making processes for formal clothing, which followed, by health supplements to enable comparison to be made in each section. We will write a custom essay sample on The Buyer Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Buyer Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Buyer Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2. 0 Target Market Health supplements is an industry which is growing because of intelligent, healthy people. (National Business Review, 1996, p. 32). In New Zealand, the research shows that people are more and more aware of good health, its relationship to lifestyle, and how they can use health supplements to augment self heal health care. In other words, people today are looking for prevention rather than just cure. In 1994, 32% of New Zealanders took some form of supplement and in the latest study in 1997 this figure has increased to 74%. Each different product market consists of buyers, and buyers are all different in one way or another. They may differ in their wants, resources, locations, buying attitudes and buying practices. Because buyers have unique needs and wants, each buyer is potentially a separate market. For example, in the health supplements market, the seller identifies market segments, and develops different health supplements products and marketing mixes tailored to each needs and wants. Both health supplements and formal clothing are market which its’ products appeals to many buyers. Many people once in their life would have bought both products at sometimes during their life stages. There is no single way to segment a market. In this report, students are selected under the occupation market segment as the target market. The target market consists of students studying at universities. 3. 0 Involvement Consumer involvement is the perceived personal importance and interest consumers attach to the acquisition, consumption, and disposition of a good, service, or an idea. As their involvement increases, consumers have a greater motivation to attend to, comprehend, and elaborate on information pertaining to the purchase. (Mowen Minor, 1998, p. 64). In the case of low involvement, consumer views a purchase as unimportant and regards the outcome of his or her decision as inconsequential. Because the purchase carries a minimal degree of personal relevance or identification, the individual feels there is little or nothing to be gained from attending to the details of a purchase. (Hanna Wozniak, 2001, p. 290). For example, a purchase of health supplements requires minimal or no premeditation and planning for some consumers.